Submissions

The manuscript should include a clear and concise title. The full names of all authors should be provided, together with their institutional affiliations, including department, institution, city and country, and ORCID where available. The corresponding author should be clearly indicated and an email address for correspondence must be provided.

Each manuscript should include a structured abstract of not more than 250 words. The abstract should clearly summarise the background, objectives, methods, results and conclusion of the study.

For original research articles, the abstract should be organised under the following headings:

Background: Provide a brief context or rationale of the study.

Objective: State the main aim or research question of the study.

Methods: Describe the study design, system/model architecture, data sources, experimental or simulation setup and key methods used.

Results: Present the main findings of the study.

Conclusion: Summarise the key interpretation, significance and implications of the findings for research, engineering practice, industry application, or policy, where relevant.

The abstract should be concise, factual and able to stand alone. It should not contain citations, tables, figures or information that is not presented in the main manuscript. Abbreviations should be avoided unless they are standard or clearly defined at first mention.

A list of 3 to 5 keywords should be provided below the abstract to reflect the main topics of the manuscript and support indexing and discoverability. Keywords should be written in alphabetical order and separated by semicolons.

The manuscript should be organised using appropriate headings and subheadings to ensure clarity, logical flow and ease of reading. Original research articles should generally include the following sections:

• Introduction: Provides background, rationale, research gap, and study objective, research question or hypothesis.
• Methods: Describes the study design, system or model architecture, dataset(s) used, experimental or simulation setup, materials, instruments, procedures, data collection and analysis, and ethical approval or informed consent where relevant.
• Results: Presents the main findings clearly and logically, supported by appropriate tables, figures and statistical or performance metrics where applicable.
• Discussion: Interprets the findings in relation to the study objectives and existing literature, and discusses the significance, implications, strengths, limitations and possible applications of the findings.
• Conclusion: Summarises the key findings and implications without overstating the results or introducing new information.

Other article types may follow a different structure where appropriate. The text should be written in a scholarly, clear and concise manner.

Figures and tables should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text, for example, Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2. Each figure and table must have a clear title and, where necessary, explanatory notes.

All figures and tables must be cited in the main text and placed close to where they are first mentioned in the manuscript unless otherwise specified by the journal.

Authors must ensure that all figures, diagrams, maps, model architectures and tables are clear, legible and properly formatted. Images and figures should meet the following minimum requirements:

• Resolution: Minimum 300 dpi for photographs, site images and renderings; minimum 600 dpi for line drawings, charts, graphs, architectural/structural diagrams, GIS maps and BIM visualisations, where possible.
• File format: Preferred formats include TIFF, JPEG, PNG, EPS, or PDF. Figures embedded in Microsoft Word may be accepted for initial submission, but high-resolution figure files may be requested after acceptance.
• Size and readability: Figures should be large enough to remain clear after resizing. Text labels, axis titles, legends, and symbols must be readable in the final published format.
• Colour and contrast: Images should have appropriate brightness, contrast, and colour balance. Adjustments must be applied uniformly to the whole image and must not misrepresent, obscure, enhance, or remove any information.
• Graphs and charts: Graphs should be clearly labelled with axis titles, units of measurement, legends, and statistical or performance indicators where applicable (e.g., model accuracy, loss curves, structural load values). Authors should avoid unnecessary decorative effects, excessive colours, or three-dimensional effects that may reduce clarity.
• Technical and site images: Site photographs, sensor layouts, BIM models and GIS maps should include appropriate scale, legend and coordinate reference information where relevant.
• Image integrity: Images, simulations and renderings must not be manipulated in a way that changes the scientific or technical meaning of the data. Any adjustments, cropping, grouping, or enhancement must be clearly described where relevant.
• Permissions: Authors must obtain permission to reproduce or adapt any previously published figures, maps, images, tables, or copyrighted materials and must acknowledge the original source appropriately.

References should be cited in the text using the author–date citation format, for example: (Author, Year), and formatted according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), 7th Edition. Authors may refer to the APA style website for further guidance: www.apastyle.org.

The reference list should be arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author. Each reference should include the necessary details, such as author name(s), year of publication, article title, journal or book title, volume, issue, page numbers, publisher and DOI or URL where available.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that all references are accurate, complete, current and consistent with the in-text citations. Where appropriate, manuscripts should include recent literature, preferably from the last five years, to reflect current knowledge, developments and evidence in the field. Older references may be included when they are seminal, foundational, or directly relevant to the study.

All references cited in the text must be included in the reference list, and all references listed must be cited in the manuscript. Authors are encouraged to use reference management software to ensure consistency and accuracy.

Where applicable, manuscripts must include statements on:

• Ethical approval
• Informed consent
• Consent for publication (e.g., for identifiable site, building or community data)
• Conflict of interest
• Funding sources
• Data and/or model availability
• Acknowledgements